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	<title>Comments on: Worst Evolution Video Ever?</title>
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	<link>http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/</link>
	<description>A blog on nature, science, religion, and just about anything else I want to post on</description>
	<pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2008 08:43:16 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>By: KBud</title>
		<link>http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-9569</link>
		<dc:creator>KBud</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2008 19:59:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-9569</guid>
		<description>"Look at the evidence for evolution from several different perspevtives (i.e. a scientist, detective, lawyer, etc). Can it stand up in a court of law? Test the evidence to see if it makes sense and if it meets the criteria for good scientific work. My assessment gives it a failing grade. How about yours? What do you have to lose?"

Actually DNA evidence is now key in many cases in courts. So we can actually trace a person's ancestry using DNA and it's been proven to work time and time again. If someone is your mother or grandmother or sister or distant cousin, then DNA evidence will prove it. Now if that's the case, then lets take this to court and test chimp DNA to see if there's any common ancestry with humans in general. You'd find that they are nearly identical and much closer than any other species out there, so that alone could prove that they are our very very distant cousins. If DNA evidence works for common ancestry in humans, why should it not work for common ancestry for all animals? That's just part of the proof too. Often in court you also need to provide bones of the deceased. Well again, we have found thousands of fossilized pre-humans, some that look closer to being human while others are closer to being ape-like. These fossils appear at a certain level in sentiments representing millions of years. This can be proven using various dating methods too. Just like with CSI that can be used to find the time of death, they have found many ways of dating fossils. So now you have bones and DNA that both conform to evolutionary theory. If that's not enough just use simple mathematics and biological chemistry. Everytime a person is born, test how much micro-evolution (what creationists will admit) or in other words mutation has occured and do this in many different people getting an average of how much mutation occurs at each birth. It's about 0.001%... now times that by 500,000 generations (or roughly the amount over 3 million years) to see how much genetic drift would happen. They've done this too and the dates of how much mutation has occured since humans were descended from an ape-like ancestor match the dating of the fossil record. Why do creationists ignore the incredible amount of evidence and then tell people lies that there is none at all? It is YOUR argument that would fail in court because your only evidence would be the bible and trying desperately to poke holes in the evidence provided by the opposition.

After all this said, evolution doesn't disprove God at all. It disproves the "young Earth" theory, unless as stated before all this evidence is an elaborate hoax by the creator. Then that would make God himself the one who fooled scientists into accepting evolutionary theory because he's the one who's left evidence in DNA and fossils. Besides, if God is trully intelligent creator then I'd say evolution would have been the best way of creating us anyway.  It allows our biological systems to utilize the environment to its full extent and we're more robust than any machine that we've created to this day. I mean do you think it would make more sense for this giant old man with a white beard to sit down on this planet creating animals and humans from clay like some kid in a sandbox? No if anything, I'd say our creation started at the big bang when the universal laws were put in place that allow evolution to take place in the right environments. Since the origin of the universe's laws cannot be proven by science, then why not start there as to what God created?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;Look at the evidence for evolution from several different perspevtives (i.e. a scientist, detective, lawyer, etc). Can it stand up in a court of law? Test the evidence to see if it makes sense and if it meets the criteria for good scientific work. My assessment gives it a failing grade. How about yours? What do you have to lose?&#8221;</p>
<p>Actually DNA evidence is now key in many cases in courts. So we can actually trace a person&#8217;s ancestry using DNA and it&#8217;s been proven to work time and time again. If someone is your mother or grandmother or sister or distant cousin, then DNA evidence will prove it. Now if that&#8217;s the case, then lets take this to court and test chimp DNA to see if there&#8217;s any common ancestry with humans in general. You&#8217;d find that they are nearly identical and much closer than any other species out there, so that alone could prove that they are our very very distant cousins. If DNA evidence works for common ancestry in humans, why should it not work for common ancestry for all animals? That&#8217;s just part of the proof too. Often in court you also need to provide bones of the deceased. Well again, we have found thousands of fossilized pre-humans, some that look closer to being human while others are closer to being ape-like. These fossils appear at a certain level in sentiments representing millions of years. This can be proven using various dating methods too. Just like with CSI that can be used to find the time of death, they have found many ways of dating fossils. So now you have bones and DNA that both conform to evolutionary theory. If that&#8217;s not enough just use simple mathematics and biological chemistry. Everytime a person is born, test how much micro-evolution (what creationists will admit) or in other words mutation has occured and do this in many different people getting an average of how much mutation occurs at each birth. It&#8217;s about 0.001%&#8230; now times that by 500,000 generations (or roughly the amount over 3 million years) to see how much genetic drift would happen. They&#8217;ve done this too and the dates of how much mutation has occured since humans were descended from an ape-like ancestor match the dating of the fossil record. Why do creationists ignore the incredible amount of evidence and then tell people lies that there is none at all? It is YOUR argument that would fail in court because your only evidence would be the bible and trying desperately to poke holes in the evidence provided by the opposition.</p>
<p>After all this said, evolution doesn&#8217;t disprove God at all. It disproves the &#8220;young Earth&#8221; theory, unless as stated before all this evidence is an elaborate hoax by the creator. Then that would make God himself the one who fooled scientists into accepting evolutionary theory because he&#8217;s the one who&#8217;s left evidence in DNA and fossils. Besides, if God is trully intelligent creator then I&#8217;d say evolution would have been the best way of creating us anyway.  It allows our biological systems to utilize the environment to its full extent and we&#8217;re more robust than any machine that we&#8217;ve created to this day. I mean do you think it would make more sense for this giant old man with a white beard to sit down on this planet creating animals and humans from clay like some kid in a sandbox? No if anything, I&#8217;d say our creation started at the big bang when the universal laws were put in place that allow evolution to take place in the right environments. Since the origin of the universe&#8217;s laws cannot be proven by science, then why not start there as to what God created?</p>
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		<title>By: Mary</title>
		<link>http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-9567</link>
		<dc:creator>Mary</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2008 10:40:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-9567</guid>
		<description>While I realize this is an old post, I had to comment on two creationist lies being further spread by "Cherryann" above: they're complete bull.

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/quotes/mine/part1-4.html#quote81
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/quotes/mine/part1-4.html#quote57</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>While I realize this is an old post, I had to comment on two creationist lies being further spread by &#8220;Cherryann&#8221; above: they&#8217;re complete bull.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/quotes/mine/part1-4.html#quote81" rel="nofollow"></a><a href='http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/quotes/mine/part1-4.html#quote81'>http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/quotes/mine/part1-4.html#quote81</a><br />
<a href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/quotes/mine/part1-4.html#quote57" rel="nofollow"></a><a href='http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/quotes/mine/part1-4.html#quote57'>http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/quotes/mine/part1-4.html#quote57</a></p>
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		<title>By: MindSober</title>
		<link>http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-8615</link>
		<dc:creator>MindSober</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 Jan 2008 22:23:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-8615</guid>
		<description>Chris- Simple? To postulate that prokaryotes, with their cytoplasmic membranes, able to reproduce through the complex process of mitosis, accurately replicating their chromasomes, is indeed to propose spontaneous generation.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Chris- Simple? To postulate that prokaryotes, with their cytoplasmic membranes, able to reproduce through the complex process of mitosis, accurately replicating their chromasomes, is indeed to propose spontaneous generation.</p>
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		<title>By: Chris mankey</title>
		<link>http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-8397</link>
		<dc:creator>Chris mankey</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 23 Dec 2007 15:58:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-8397</guid>
		<description>"When it comes to the Origin of Life there are only two possibilities: creation or spontaneous generation. There is no third way. Spontaneous generation was disproved one hundred years ago, but that leads us to only one other conclusion, that of supernatural creation."

Not really. Abiogensis isn't spontanous generation. The evolution of very simple life form from non living material isn't the same as the belief that flys' were created from slabs of rotting meat. Clearly you lack understanding of science.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;When it comes to the Origin of Life there are only two possibilities: creation or spontaneous generation. There is no third way. Spontaneous generation was disproved one hundred years ago, but that leads us to only one other conclusion, that of supernatural creation.&#8221;</p>
<p>Not really. Abiogensis isn&#8217;t spontanous generation. The evolution of very simple life form from non living material isn&#8217;t the same as the belief that flys&#8217; were created from slabs of rotting meat. Clearly you lack understanding of science.</p>
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		<title>By: Chris</title>
		<link>http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-2844</link>
		<dc:creator>Chris</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 19 Nov 2006 21:48:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-2844</guid>
		<description>Cherryann - I appreciate that you did a bit more digging than the 'Way of the Master' producers did , but your 'research' is misleading.   While the theory of 'spontaneous generation' has indeed been disproven, this in no way relates to evolutionary theory (google spontaneous generation).  
Because it relies on a 'supernatural' force, science cannot disprove creationism (or anything else that is faith-based).  What it can comment on is natural physical processes.  Both macro and microevolution are within these limits, although the former by its very nature is more difficult to verify by the rigorous standards set.  Faith by definition is something that can't be proven, so it defies any rational (read scientific) explaination.  Science talks only in terms that can be verified and scrutinized.  Why is it that creationists are allowed to support their claims with something that isn't testable while scientists test, retest, publish, verify, falsify, retest, publish....etc. and then have to anwer to a public that conveniently misinterprets their data to maintain their own beliefs?  
A big problem is that many people don't seem to invest the time it takes to understand what science is and why evolution is considered highly plausible.  I'm not trying to be elitest here;  I have been interested in this topic for quite some time now and am embarrassed by the little that I have actually retained.  To understand the science behind the evidence for evolution takes an investment into learning about the scientific method itself.  One thing science doesn't deal in is absolutes.  Doubt is a key ingredient in the scientific processes, and that is something that faith-led people (who ironically posses a great deal of certainty) have a hard time accepting.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Cherryann - I appreciate that you did a bit more digging than the &#8216;Way of the Master&#8217; producers did , but your &#8216;research&#8217; is misleading.   While the theory of &#8217;spontaneous generation&#8217; has indeed been disproven, this in no way relates to evolutionary theory (google spontaneous generation).<br />
Because it relies on a &#8217;supernatural&#8217; force, science cannot disprove creationism (or anything else that is faith-based).  What it can comment on is natural physical processes.  Both macro and microevolution are within these limits, although the former by its very nature is more difficult to verify by the rigorous standards set.  Faith by definition is something that can&#8217;t be proven, so it defies any rational (read scientific) explaination.  Science talks only in terms that can be verified and scrutinized.  Why is it that creationists are allowed to support their claims with something that isn&#8217;t testable while scientists test, retest, publish, verify, falsify, retest, publish&#8230;.etc. and then have to anwer to a public that conveniently misinterprets their data to maintain their own beliefs?<br />
A big problem is that many people don&#8217;t seem to invest the time it takes to understand what science is and why evolution is considered highly plausible.  I&#8217;m not trying to be elitest here;  I have been interested in this topic for quite some time now and am embarrassed by the little that I have actually retained.  To understand the science behind the evidence for evolution takes an investment into learning about the scientific method itself.  One thing science doesn&#8217;t deal in is absolutes.  Doubt is a key ingredient in the scientific processes, and that is something that faith-led people (who ironically posses a great deal of certainty) have a hard time accepting.</p>
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		<title>By: Cherryann</title>
		<link>http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-2688</link>
		<dc:creator>Cherryann</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 11 Nov 2006 05:19:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-2688</guid>
		<description>Check this source out: 

Yet Evolution has not been proved. Sir Arthur Keith, a famous British evolutionary anthropologist and anatomist, confesses, "Evolution is unproved and unprovable. We believe it only because the only alternative is special creation, and that is unthinkable." In fact, it seems that the Theory of Evolution is contrary to established science. George Wald, another prominent Evolutionist (a Harvard University biochemist and Nobel Laureate), wrote, "When it comes to the Origin of Life there are only two possibilities: creation or spontaneous generation. There is no third way. Spontaneous generation was disproved one hundred years ago, but that leads us to only one other conclusion, that of supernatural creation. We cannot accept that on philosophical grounds; therefore, we choose to believe the impossible: that life arose spontaneously by chance!" ("The Origin of Life," Scientific American, 191:48, May 1954).</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Check this source out: </p>
<p>Yet Evolution has not been proved. Sir Arthur Keith, a famous British evolutionary anthropologist and anatomist, confesses, &#8220;Evolution is unproved and unprovable. We believe it only because the only alternative is special creation, and that is unthinkable.&#8221; In fact, it seems that the Theory of Evolution is contrary to established science. George Wald, another prominent Evolutionist (a Harvard University biochemist and Nobel Laureate), wrote, &#8220;When it comes to the Origin of Life there are only two possibilities: creation or spontaneous generation. There is no third way. Spontaneous generation was disproved one hundred years ago, but that leads us to only one other conclusion, that of supernatural creation. We cannot accept that on philosophical grounds; therefore, we choose to believe the impossible: that life arose spontaneously by chance!&#8221; (&#8221;The Origin of Life,&#8221; Scientific American, 191:48, May 1954).</p>
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		<title>By: Cherryann</title>
		<link>http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-2687</link>
		<dc:creator>Cherryann</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 11 Nov 2006 05:15:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-2687</guid>
		<description>"Evolution is unproved and unprovable. We believe it only because the only alternative is special creation which is unthinkable." 

This quote seems quite reasonable to me.  

The whole theory of evolution totally disregards two fundamental principles of science.  Namely, scientific knowledge is acquired through the processes of observation and experimentation.

First, let me qualify what I mean by the theory of evolution.  Microevolution occurs when changes in the genetic frequencies, etc. of a population occur. Hence antibiotic resistant bacteria survive because the genes which made them resistant were already present in their gene pool. If they did not have the genes they would not survive! The same applies to roaches, finches, etc.

Macroevolution is evolution that assumes a transition from one species to different species (i.e. the theory that supposes that all life originated from one cell that evolved into other living things and those evolved and so on, until humans, etc.)

Macroevolution clearly violates both scientific principles because no one has ever observed one species evolving into another. Nor can they ever because the process can NEVER be replicated.  Scientists have never been able to produce a living cell from non-living things (Miller-Urey's experiment done in the 1950's was done in a controlled environment instead of a "natural" one and NO CELLS were ever produced). 

In addition, fossils cannot be used to provide evidence for evolution. The fossils were discovered out of their natural context and their origins are subject to interpretation.  Those interpretations are constantly being changed (as we can see by the recurring news that scientists now claim that such and such a fossil is now 10 million years old instead of the 5 million as originally thought).

All scientific theories, hypotheses and information are supposed to be subject to analysis, reasoned criticism and questions. Evolution should be no different. Put aside the assumption that evolution must be true.  Look at  the evidence for evolution from several different perspevtives  (i.e. a scientist, detective, lawyer, etc). Can it stand up in a court of law?  Test the evidence to see if it makes sense and if it meets the criteria for good scientific work.  My assessment gives it a failing grade.  How about yours? What do you have to lose?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;Evolution is unproved and unprovable. We believe it only because the only alternative is special creation which is unthinkable.&#8221; </p>
<p>This quote seems quite reasonable to me.  </p>
<p>The whole theory of evolution totally disregards two fundamental principles of science.  Namely, scientific knowledge is acquired through the processes of observation and experimentation.</p>
<p>First, let me qualify what I mean by the theory of evolution.  Microevolution occurs when changes in the genetic frequencies, etc. of a population occur. Hence antibiotic resistant bacteria survive because the genes which made them resistant were already present in their gene pool. If they did not have the genes they would not survive! The same applies to roaches, finches, etc.</p>
<p>Macroevolution is evolution that assumes a transition from one species to different species (i.e. the theory that supposes that all life originated from one cell that evolved into other living things and those evolved and so on, until humans, etc.)</p>
<p>Macroevolution clearly violates both scientific principles because no one has ever observed one species evolving into another. Nor can they ever because the process can NEVER be replicated.  Scientists have never been able to produce a living cell from non-living things (Miller-Urey&#8217;s experiment done in the 1950&#8217;s was done in a controlled environment instead of a &#8220;natural&#8221; one and NO CELLS were ever produced). </p>
<p>In addition, fossils cannot be used to provide evidence for evolution. The fossils were discovered out of their natural context and their origins are subject to interpretation.  Those interpretations are constantly being changed (as we can see by the recurring news that scientists now claim that such and such a fossil is now 10 million years old instead of the 5 million as originally thought).</p>
<p>All scientific theories, hypotheses and information are supposed to be subject to analysis, reasoned criticism and questions. Evolution should be no different. Put aside the assumption that evolution must be true.  Look at  the evidence for evolution from several different perspevtives  (i.e. a scientist, detective, lawyer, etc). Can it stand up in a court of law?  Test the evidence to see if it makes sense and if it meets the criteria for good scientific work.  My assessment gives it a failing grade.  How about yours? What do you have to lose?</p>
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		<title>By: Steve</title>
		<link>http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-2037</link>
		<dc:creator>Steve</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 21 Sep 2006 14:25:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-2037</guid>
		<description>Just stumbled across this post looking for info about the video -- you didn't mention my favorite obvious lie. Kirk and/or Ray baldly state that evolution can't be true because "transitional forms" would have to exist in order for the theory to make sense, and in the entire history of paleontology, &lt;em&gt;no transitional form has ever been discovered.&lt;/em&gt; Of course, "transitional forms" are discovered all the time, and really, every fossil is a transitional form from some species to some other species. I was floored when I heard that one.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Just stumbled across this post looking for info about the video &#8212; you didn&#8217;t mention my favorite obvious lie. Kirk and/or Ray baldly state that evolution can&#8217;t be true because &#8220;transitional forms&#8221; would have to exist in order for the theory to make sense, and in the entire history of paleontology, <em>no transitional form has ever been discovered.</em> Of course, &#8220;transitional forms&#8221; are discovered all the time, and really, every fossil is a transitional form from some species to some other species. I was floored when I heard that one.</p>
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		<title>By: Sabine</title>
		<link>http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-1691</link>
		<dc:creator>Sabine</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 12 Sep 2006 12:53:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-1691</guid>
		<description>I just stumbled about this site because I'm looking for another Raup quote which in my opinion is cited completely out of context. I  looked up the cited article (D.M. Raup, Science (1981) 213: 289), it's only a 1.5 column letter and it doesn't contain any of the following words: chimpanzee, Lucy, Neanderthal man. 
In contrast, it starts with "As the evolution-creation debate heats up, the amount of misinformation passed back and forth increases." Fits quite well, I think. And then Raup discusses whether geochronology is dependent on evolutionary theory and concludes: "So, the geological time scale and the basic facts of biological change over time are totally independent of evolutionary theory. It follows that the documentation of evolution does not depend on Darwinian theory or any other theory. Darwinian theory is just one of several biological mechanisms proposed to explain the evolution we observe to have happened." He goes on: "In the fossil record, we are faced with many sequences of change: modifications over time from A to B to C to D can be documented and plausible Darwinian interpretation can often be made after seeing the sequence."
Maybe D. M. Raup made statements about Lucy and Neanderthals elsewhere but certainly not in the cited article.

Regards, Sabine</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I just stumbled about this site because I&#8217;m looking for another Raup quote which in my opinion is cited completely out of context. I  looked up the cited article (D.M. Raup, Science (1981) 213: 289), it&#8217;s only a 1.5 column letter and it doesn&#8217;t contain any of the following words: chimpanzee, Lucy, Neanderthal man.<br />
In contrast, it starts with &#8220;As the evolution-creation debate heats up, the amount of misinformation passed back and forth increases.&#8221; Fits quite well, I think. And then Raup discusses whether geochronology is dependent on evolutionary theory and concludes: &#8220;So, the geological time scale and the basic facts of biological change over time are totally independent of evolutionary theory. It follows that the documentation of evolution does not depend on Darwinian theory or any other theory. Darwinian theory is just one of several biological mechanisms proposed to explain the evolution we observe to have happened.&#8221; He goes on: &#8220;In the fossil record, we are faced with many sequences of change: modifications over time from A to B to C to D can be documented and plausible Darwinian interpretation can often be made after seeing the sequence.&#8221;<br />
Maybe D. M. Raup made statements about Lucy and Neanderthals elsewhere but certainly not in the cited article.</p>
<p>Regards, Sabine</p>
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		<title>By: Jay</title>
		<link>http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-1108</link>
		<dc:creator>Jay</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 25 Jul 2006 15:00:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ocellated.com/2006/04/19/worst-evolution-video-ever/#comment-1108</guid>
		<description>The articles in &lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt; available online through my school go back to 1983... While I could hop in the car and drive down to the library for the article, I've already seen David Raup quoted-mined far and wide across the internet.

If you can quote the exact phrases in this artilce that show Raup believed that 1) &lt;em&gt;Homo neanderthalensis&lt;/em&gt; was an old man with arthritis and 2) that Lucy (&lt;em&gt;Australopithecus afarensis&lt;/em&gt;) was a "chimpanzee", I'll go pull up the article at the library myself to read it over.

I do know that &lt;em&gt;very briefly&lt;/em&gt; after the discovery of the first Neandertal fossil, it was believed that it was a modern human that was just an "old man." But this belief has been put to rest over 100 years ago, and with over 400 specimens today, I don't think &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; anthropologist buys into it. There is of course disagreement on how to classify Neandertals. Were they a truly seperate species? Or best considered a subspecies of &lt;em&gt;H. sapiens&lt;/em&gt;? As this is not my field, I don't have any opinion on that myself, though I get the sense that they are classified most often as &lt;em&gt;H. neanderthalensis&lt;/em&gt;.

As for the claim that Lucy was just a chimpanzee... This I know to be untrue. The position of the foramen magnum -- the large hole on the bottom of the skull through which the spinal cord passes -- is directly underneath the skull, entirely consistent with bipedal movement. In chimpanzees, its at a clear angle, because they're "knuckle walkers."

In short, I am completely skeptical of your claim that Raup thought Lucy was just a chimpanzee, and I challenge you to prove me wrong.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The articles in <em>Science</em> available online through my school go back to 1983&#8230; While I could hop in the car and drive down to the library for the article, I&#8217;ve already seen David Raup quoted-mined far and wide across the internet.</p>
<p>If you can quote the exact phrases in this artilce that show Raup believed that 1) <em>Homo neanderthalensis</em> was an old man with arthritis and 2) that Lucy (<em>Australopithecus afarensis</em>) was a &#8220;chimpanzee&#8221;, I&#8217;ll go pull up the article at the library myself to read it over.</p>
<p>I do know that <em>very briefly</em> after the discovery of the first Neandertal fossil, it was believed that it was a modern human that was just an &#8220;old man.&#8221; But this belief has been put to rest over 100 years ago, and with over 400 specimens today, I don&#8217;t think <em>any</em> anthropologist buys into it. There is of course disagreement on how to classify Neandertals. Were they a truly seperate species? Or best considered a subspecies of <em>H. sapiens</em>? As this is not my field, I don&#8217;t have any opinion on that myself, though I get the sense that they are classified most often as <em>H. neanderthalensis</em>.</p>
<p>As for the claim that Lucy was just a chimpanzee&#8230; This I know to be untrue. The position of the foramen magnum &#8212; the large hole on the bottom of the skull through which the spinal cord passes &#8212; is directly underneath the skull, entirely consistent with bipedal movement. In chimpanzees, its at a clear angle, because they&#8217;re &#8220;knuckle walkers.&#8221;</p>
<p>In short, I am completely skeptical of your claim that Raup thought Lucy was just a chimpanzee, and I challenge you to prove me wrong.</p>
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